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Pathogens: protozoa of the family Eimeriidae, above all Eimeria
The genus Eimeria was named in 1875 after the German zoologist Theodor Eimer, who studied these parasites. Eimeria tenella in chickens was described in 1891, and in 1929 the American pathologist Ernest Tyzzer sorted out several coccidian species of domestic poultry. Anticoccidial drugs have been used since the 1940s, and live vaccines appeared later.
Each animal species has its own strictly host-specific Eimeria: seven species have long been known in chickens, the most dangerous being E. tenella and E. necatrix, and three more were described in 2021. Young animals suffer most, especially broiler chicks in their first weeks of life. The parasites destroy the intestinal lining and birds gain weight poorly, which is why coccidiosis is considered one of the costliest poultry diseases in the world.
Coccidiosis is diagnosed from clinical signs, intestinal lesions at necropsy and faecal examination: oocysts in droppings are detected and counted by flotation methods. Eimeria species are hard to tell apart by their oocysts. PCR detects Eimeria DNA in droppings, organs and feed, and species-specific PCR assays make it possible to identify the species precisely.
For reference only. The diagnosis is made by a veterinary specialist based on laboratory test results.
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