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Pathogen: koi herpesvirus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpesvirus 3
Mass mortality of koi and common carp caused by a new virus began to be noticed in the late 1990s: the first reports came from Israel, Germany and the USA, and when archived samples were tested, viral DNA was also found in carp that had died in the United Kingdom in 1996. In 2000 the virus was described and named koi herpesvirus, and it quickly spread through Europe and Asia with the ornamental fish trade. The disease is now listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).
Common carp, including ornamental koi, and its hybrids are affected; fish of all ages except larvae are susceptible. Outbreaks occur at water temperatures of roughly 16 to 28 °C. The virus damages the gills, skin and kidneys, and mortality can reach 80–100 %. It is shed in skin mucus, urine and faeces and spreads through water and by contact with sick fish. Fish that survive may remain hidden carriers of the virus for a long time. The virus is not dangerous to humans.
In Russia, as recommended by WOAH, the main confirmatory method is PCR: detection of viral DNA in the gills, kidney and spleen, and in fish without clinical signs also in the gut and brain. Virus isolation in cell culture takes longer and is less sensitive, so PCR is used for farm surveys and to confirm the diagnosis. For final confirmation, WOAH recommends sequencing the PCR product.
For reference only. The diagnosis is made by a veterinary specialist based on laboratory test results.
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